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Screening for Heart Disease
Some biomarkers may add to conventional cardiovascular risk factors in predicting the risk of future cardiovascular disease, including:
- Coronary artery calcification
- Carotid intima-media thickness
- Carotid total plaque area
- Higher fibrinogen and PAI-1 blood concentrations
- Elevated homocysteine
- Elevated blood levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine
- Inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein
- Elevated Low-density lipoprotein-p
- Elevated blood levels of brain natriuretic peptide (also known as B-type) (BNP)
- Advanced Blood work ( advanced lipids, subclass analysis, inflammatory markers, and cutting edge genetic markers)
- Aneurysm Screening
- Ankle Brachial Index
- Vo 2 Max Testing
However, the clinical value of some biomarkers is still questionable.